句子的基本架構
英文句子的第一條規則是:一個子句必須有主詞和動詞,而且只能有一組。只要句子裡出現第二個主詞或動詞,就需要連接詞把它們接起來。這條規則是判斷句子對錯最快的工具。
一個句子最少需要什麼?
句子的基本元素(basic elements)是主詞、動詞與連接詞。最簡單的句子只有主詞和動詞,連接詞要到句子變長時才需要。
| 符號 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| S | 主詞(subject) | Birds fly. |
| V | 動詞(verb) | Birds fly. |
| O | 受詞(object) | I read books. |
| C | 補語(complement) | She is a nurse. |
什麼時候一定要用連接詞?
只要主詞或動詞超過一個,或者子句超過一個,就必須用連接詞連接。
- ✗ He came home he ate dinner.(兩組主動詞,沒有連接詞)
- ✓ He came home and ate dinner.
- ✓ When he came home, he ate dinner.
主詞、動詞、受詞要怎麼並列?
| 句型 | 說明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| S + V + O | 基本句型 | Tom bought apples. |
| S₁ and S₂, V₁ and V₂, O₁ and O₂ | 主詞、動詞或受詞超過一個時,要用連接詞連接 | Tom and Amy washed and cut apples and pears. |
| S + V₁ and V₂ | 兩個動詞可用 and 連接 | She opened the door and greeted us. |
| S + V₁, V₂-ing | 也可去掉 and,把第二個動詞改成 V-ing | She opened the door, greeting us. |
| S + V₁, V₂-ing, V₃-ing, and Vₙ-ing | 動詞很多時,從第二個起都加 -ing,最後一個前的 and 不可省略 | The storm hit the island, destroying homes, flooding roads, and cutting power. |
用法補充
講義把第四種句型寫成 S + V₁ V₂-ing。實際寫作時,V-ing 片語前面通常要加逗號,只有 He came running. 這類緊密的結構才不加。
介系詞和連接詞差在哪?
介系詞後面接名詞(受詞),連接詞後面接一個完整的子句。兩者意思可能相近,文法卻不能互換,這也是英文考試常見的考點。
| 介系詞 + 名詞 | 連接詞 + 子句 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| during | while | 在……期間 |
| because of | because | 因為 |
| except | unless | 除了/除非 |
| in spite of, despite | although | 雖然、儘管 |
- ✓ Because of the rain, we stayed home.
- ✓ Because it rained, we stayed home.
- ✗ Because of it rained, we stayed home.
連接副詞為什麼不能連接兩個句子?
連接副詞(conjunctive adverb)帶有轉折或因果的語氣,但詞性仍是副詞,所以不能單獨連接兩個子句。兩個子句之間要用句號或分號斷開,或者另外加連接詞。
| 語氣 | 常見的連接副詞 |
|---|---|
| 轉折 | however, nevertheless, instead |
| 結果 | therefore, consequently, thus |
| 添加 | moreover, also, as well |
| 順序 | then |
- ✗ It rained, however we went out.
- ✓ It rained; however, we went out.
- ✓ It rained. However, we went out.
有兩組長得很像的字要特別留意:
- then 是副詞(然後),than 是連接詞(比較)。
- as well 是副詞(也),as well as 是連接詞(以及)。
用法補充
講義把 so 列為副詞。現代文法書通常也把 so 當作對等連接詞,因此 It rained, so we stayed home. 是正確的句子。therefore 和 thus 則沒有這種用法。
練習題
1. 找出錯誤:Despite it was cold, she went swimming.
Despite 是介系詞,後面不能接子句。可改為 Although it was cold, she went swimming. 或 Despite the cold, she went swimming.
2. 找出錯誤:The test was hard, therefore many students failed.
therefore 是副詞,不能連接兩個子句。可改為 The test was hard; therefore, many students failed.
3. 填空:The flight was delayed ___ the storm.(because/because of)
because of。the storm 是名詞,前面要用介系詞片語。
推薦影音
從簡單句到複雜句
English Sentence Structure(Oxford Online English,21 分鐘,英語):從最簡單的句子開始,依序加入補語、修飾語、獨立子句和從屬子句,適合想完整建立句子架構的學習者。
片語和子句有什麼不同
Phrases and clauses(Khan Academy,6 分鐘,英語):說明片語是一組功能像單一詞性的字,並比較片語與子句的不同,可對照本頁的第一條規則。
although 和 despite 怎麼選
though, although, even though, despite, in spite of(engVid Adam,9 分鐘,英語):用例句比較這幾個讓步用字的用法,直接對應本頁「介系詞和連接詞差在哪」一節。
however 的轉折語氣
Linking words of contrast(BBC Learning English,3 分鐘,英語):快速示範 however、although、despite、while 表達對比的方式,適合當作複習。