倒裝句與分裂句
倒裝句和分裂句都是改變語序來強調重點的句型。否定詞放在句首時，後面的主詞與助動詞要對調；分裂句則用 It is ... that ... 把想強調的部分放在前面。這兩種句型常出現在正式文章與考試中。
否定詞放句首時為什麼要倒裝？
否定連接詞或否定副詞放在句首時，後面的句子要改成問句語序，也就是助動詞或 be 動詞放在主詞前面。
講義中的例子：
Not all economists are rich or powerful, nor is the acquisition of wealth the principal objective of the discipline of economics.
nor 後面的 is 放到主詞 the acquisition of wealth 前面，這就是倒裝。
| 句首的字 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| never | Never have I seen such a thing. |
| hardly | Hardly had we arrived when it rained. |
| not only | Not only did he win, but he also set a record. |
| only + 副詞片語 | Only then did I understand. |
引號裡的句子也要改寫嗎？
引號（quotation mark）裡的句子保留原本的形式，不隨外層句子改變語序或時態。
- He said, "I am tired."（直接引述，照原話）
- He said that he was tired.（間接引述，改成過去式）
什麼是分裂句？
分裂句（cleft sentence）把一個句子拆成兩部分，用 It is ... that ... 框住想強調的成分。
用法補充
講義把這個句型寫成 clip sentence，正確的英文名稱是 cleft sentence。
原句 Tom broke the window yesterday. 可以依強調的對象改寫：
| 強調 | 分裂句 |
|---|---|
| 主詞 | It was Tom that broke the window yesterday. |
| 受詞 | It was the window that Tom broke yesterday. |
| 時間 | It was yesterday that Tom broke the window. |
分裂句和虛主詞句很像，可以用這個方法區分：拿掉 It is 和 that 之後，如果剩下的字能組回完整的句子，就是分裂句。
練習題
1. 改成倒裝句：I have never tasted such good food.
Never have I tasted such good food.
2. 找出錯誤：Not only he is smart, but he is also kind.
Not only 放句首要倒裝。應改為 Not only is he smart, but he is also kind.
3. 用分裂句強調時間：She met him in 2020.
It was in 2020 that she met him.
推薦影音
否定副詞放句首的倒裝
Inversion 1: After Negative or Limiting Adverbs（BBC Learning English，4 分鐘，英語）：說明 never、hardly、not only、little 等字放句首時如何倒裝，對應本頁第一節。
三種分裂句
Cleft Sentences（Arnel's Everyday English，21 分鐘，英語）：講解 it 分裂句、wh- 分裂句與 all 分裂句，片尾有測驗，適合中高階學習者。